Understanding the science and factors behind the ultimate home run can guide you on what to work on during your practices:. If you want to read more about the science behind baseball, check out The Physics of Baseball Bats.
In a recent Washington Post article , he said that there are two basic elements of a superior home run: Exit speed — the speed at which the ball leaves the bat.
Launch angle — the optimal angle is between 25 — 30 degrees. A 1 mph swing speed increase can extend the distance of the hit by 8 ft. Increasing the mass of the bat — Although research shows that the maximum ideal bat weight is 41 ounces, most pro players prefer ounce bats as it allows greater maneuverability with minimal power loss. Apple computer keyboards do not have a Home key on the numeric keypad. Laptop computer: The location of the Home key on laptops varies from model to model, and some don't even have one.
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And conduction velocity along the nerve fiber isn't the only factor affecting reaction time. When one nerve cell signals another, it does so by releasing a chemical substance which crosses a tiny gap between the cells, called the synapse.
It takes about half a thousandth of a second for the chemical transmitter to flow across the gap, a period called synaptic delay. The longest delays probably involve the nerve cells that make the decision to swing. These decision-making cells receive their input from the eye by way of the brain's visual cortex. It takes at least 43 thousandths of a second for information about the velocity and trajectory of the baseball to be sent from the retina to the higher visual cortex.
What happens during the actual "decision" is a neurological mystery — but once the decision is made, a signal is sent to the cerebellum initiating a series of pre-programmed, reflex-like actions for a practiced batter.
Batters, like pitchers, transfer body momentum into bat speed by sequential summation of movement: hips and legs turn first, then torso, shoulders, arms, and finally wrists, creating a powerful whip action. The last fraction of the ball's flight across the plate is consumed by commands to the bat-swinging muscles. Amazingly, even after the batter has started his swing, he still has some ability to reverse his decision and check his swing. Moving a single group of muscles may require the interaction of numerous nerve cells and involve multiple synaptic delays, as the body receives sensory information sees the ball , processes it makes a decision , and coordinates muscle action swings the bat.
Practice eliminates wasted time by speeding up the decision-making -- somehow the obvious mistakes and fruitless actions a novice spends time thinking about are simply ignored by the practiced player, and his brain saves the time needed to consider them.
But basic reaction time due to nerve conduction and synaptic delay remains an irreducible constant of the game. Other factors that affect the batter's swing are the effective length and weight of the bat. The farther up the handle the hitter holds the bat, the less time it takes to swing at the ball, for the simple reason that there is less mass to move through space, and therefore less inertia to overcome with sheer muscle power.
But consequently, less mass hits the ball. Power is the trade-off for speed and precision, hence the maxim that the more powerful the swing, the less likely the hit. Charlie Metro: "Singles hitters hit for average; power hitters hit home runs. One is accuracy with a hatchet, and the other is power with an axe. One is a powerful thing and the other is delicate. The age of a player affects batting success. Up to about age 35 or so, the batter is likely to keep hitting better, which suggests that good hitting requires experience with many different pitches and styles of pitching.
Apparently, a hitter's judgment improves with age; finally, of course, he begins to slow down physiologically. If the batter doesn't hit the ball just right, he's in trouble. An amazing series of reactions propels a shortstop or third baseman into the path of a hard-hit ball.
In two steps or less, he may have already caught the ball and fired it to first base for an out, with a swiftness and assurance acquired only through years of practice.
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